The impact of animal welfare regulations on firms' product offerings: Humane or organic product?

Increased public concerns about animal welfare have spurred new regulations to improve animals' treatment and living conditions. We study how these regulations affect firms' product offerings, prices, and profits. We consider two competing animal agriculture supply chains, each consisting of a supplier and a buyer. New regulations require firms to choose between offering humane or organic products, which are differentiated by animals' living conditions. We find that consumers' growing awareness of animal welfare encourages firms to offer organic products, which require the highest standards for animals' living conditions. We also show that tightening humane product standards and loosening organic product standards encourage firms to offer organic products—but with distinct pricing implications. The former leads to higher retail prices whereas the latter may lower retail prices. Depending on costs and consumers' awareness of animal welfare, a humane product may be priced higher or lower than an organic product. Furthermore, we provide conditions under which a regulator should offer a unit-cost or an investment cost subsidy to improve social welfare. We show that subsidies can encourage firms to change from offering humane to organic products, or vice versa, to enhance total social welfare.     

石化企业火灾事故原因调查方法和技术研究

根据石油化工企业生产特点,阐述了石油化工企业火灾现场特点、火灾事故调查的重点内容、调查采取的方法和技术以及事故调查当中的注意事项,为开展好石油化工企业火灾调查工作提供参考。     

液化石油气火灾扑救中安全距离的确定

液化石油气由于易燃易爆的特性,在生产、储运和使用过程中极易引起火灾,甚至造成灾难性的爆炸事故,发生爆炸时威力又相当巨大,在扑救中确定安全距离是火场指挥人员必须要掌握的知识。通过对液化石油气物理和化学爆炸中燃烧物的燃烧半径的估算和抛出物的距离估算,分析确定液化石油气储罐火灾的安全扑救距离,供一线消防指挥人员参考。     

采用向量内积的并行相关算法

针对软件接收机相关器计算的实时性问题,通过分析扩频信号的接收过程,建立一种基于向量内积的并行相关信号接收模型。利用图形处理单元中大量的浮点运算单元进行矩阵与向量运算,并行计算各通道相关值,提高了信号相关运算的实时性。仿真验证结果表明,利用基于GPU的向量内积软件并行相关算法计算25 MHz采样率时长1 ms的信号相关值,25个通道共150个相关运算耗时967μs,与CPU上基于数学核心函数库的实现相比速度约提高了61.4倍,能够实现宽带扩频信号软件实时相关接收。     

An adaptive forecasting algorithm and inventory policy for products with short life cycles

Products with short life cycles are becoming increasingly common in many industries, such as the personal computer (PC) and mobile phone industries. Traditional forecasting methods and inventory policies can be inappropriate for forecasting demand and managing inventory for a product with a short life cycle because they usually do not take into account the characteristics of the product life cycle. This can result in inaccurate forecasts, high inventory cost, and low service levels. Besides, many forecasting methods require a significant demand history, which is available only after the product has been sold for some time. In this paper, we present an adaptive forecasting algorithm with two characteristics. First, it uses structural knowledge on the product life cycle to model the demand. Second, it combines knowledge on the demand that is available prior to the launch of the product with actual demand data that become available after the introduction of the product to generate and update demand forecasts. Based on the forecasting algorithm, we develop an optimal inventory policy. Since the optimal inventory policy is computationally expensive, we propose three heuristics and show in a numerical study that one of the heuristics generates near‐optimal solutions. The evaluation of our approach is based on demand data from a leading PC manufacturer in the United States, where the forecasting algorithm has been implemented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.     

Optimal pricing for a short life‐cycle product when customer price‐sensitivity varies over time

Technology products often experience a life‐cycle demand pattern that resembles a diffusion process, with weak demand in the beginning and the end of the life cycle and high demand intensity in between. The customer price‐sensitivity also changes over the life cycle of the product. We study the prespecified pricing decision for a product that exhibits such demand characteristics. In particular, we determine the optimal set of discrete prices and the times to switch from one price to another, when a limited number of price changes are allowed. Our study shows that the optimal prices and switching times show interesting patterns that depend on the product's demand pattern and the change in the customers' price sensitivity over the life cycle of the product. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2012     

基于模糊商空间理论的产品粒化过程分析

模块形成与划分是展开模块化设计及大规模定制生产的关键环节。为了进一步扩展产品模块化的定量分析手段,提出了一种基于模糊商空间理论的产品粒化方法。通过引入粒度计算,将基于相关性分析的产品模块化过程转化为基于粒度计算的产品粒化过程,并应用模糊商空间理论对其进行了分析,给出了基于归一化距离和综合模糊相似关系的产品粒度空间构建方法,建立了基于两阶段优化算法的最佳产品粒层确定流程,进而得到了最优模块划分方案,最后以某堆垛机货叉机构为例对该方法进行了有效性验证。此方法为产品模块聚类与优化提供了一种新的数值分析和评价手段,应用结果表明该方法具有一定的可行性和合理性,能够有效指导产品模块化过程的实施。     

液相色谱-质谱法测定2-氯乙烯胂酸

研究了用液相色谱-质谱两种电离技术测定路易氏剂1的降解产物2-氯乙烯胂酸,比较了在不同流动相中该化合物的响应情况,并且利用源内CID技术获得了丰富质谱碎片,对所鉴定的碎片进行了解释,用选择离子检测得到该化合物的检测限在APCI电离技术中为9ng,在ESI电离技术中为4ng．     

液化石油气储罐区火灾危险性评价

对液化石油气罐区的危险性进行了分析,分别对蒸气云爆炸和沸腾液体扩展蒸气云爆炸类型进行了定量评价。并以某罐区为例,对其危险性进行了定量评价,并对结果进行了分析,确定了其火灾、爆炸事故的严重度、伤害范围等。实例验证了该评价方法的简单实用性,对罐区制定相应的预防措施具有参考价值。     

微量闪点自动快速测定仪的研制

闪点是表征石油产品火灾危险性的安全指标.常规闪点测定法存在对操作者专业技能要求高,劳动强度大,无法进行连续不间断测定的缺点,影响了测定,结果的准确度和实验效率.将高压电弧、压力传感等现代分析检测技术引入石油产品闪点测定,研制了一台微量闪点自动快速测定仪.实验表明,微量闪点自动快速测定仪操作简单,试样量仅1 mL,减少了...